Respiration of Calanus spp. from the Fram Strait measured using Electron Transfer System (ETS) enzyme activity, May 2018 and August 2019
GB/NERC/BAS/PDC/02248
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Summary
Abstract:
Copepods of the genus Calanus are dominant components of pelagic food webs in the northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Warming sea temperatures are allowing C. finmarchicus to expand their range northwards, and they are becoming increasingly important in the Arctic Ocean with potential consequences for ecosystem productivity.
This dataset comprises measurements of Electron Transfer System (ETS) enzyme activity, used as a proxy for respiration, of Calanus finmarchicus/glacialis females (C6F) and pre-adult copepodite stages (C5) and protein biomass. Calanus spp. females were collected using Bongo nets (0-200m) at 16 stations on JR17005 May 2018 across the Fram Strait. Calanus spp. females and C5s were collected using Bongo nets (0-200m) and MOCNESS (280-750m) at 15 stations on JR18007 (August 2019), also across the Fram Strait. Biomass-specific respiration rates were lower in C5s than in females, and lower in animals caught at depth compared to the surface. Cook et al. (in prep) use these data to examine how key physiological rates in C. finmarchicus relate to environmental and biological conditions.
The data was collected as part of the NERC Changing Arctic Oceans project DIAPOD (Mechanistic understanding of the role of diatoms in the success of the Arctic Calanus complex and implications for a warmer Arctic) cruises JR17005 and JR18007. This work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) Changing Arctic Oceans project DIAPOD (NE/P006353/1) with a contribution of staff time from BIOPOLE (NE/W004933/1).
Keywords:
Calanus, Electron Transport System, Fram Strait, protein biomass, respiration
Citation
Cook, K.B., Tarling, G.A., & Mayor, D.J. (2026). Respiration of Calanus spp. from the Fram Strait measured using Electron Transfer System (ETS) enzyme activity, May 2018 and August 2019 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. NERC EDS UK Polar Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/5278ec04-57aa-46e3-96d8-4a1b87ed84cc
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ASSOCIATED DATA SET(S)
- https://doi.org/10.5285/4d781314-b2a6-47fe-aab9-4364a9022e44
- https://doi.org/10.5285/69eb8320-9d2b-4cc1-818a-83d14c15c491
- https://doi.org/10.5285/6e58cace-ea68-4103-8ce4-96a1afeb4835
- https://doi.org/10.5285/FC660BC3-09AB-4C1A-9D2A-4026951872C8
- https://doi.org/10.5285/eefba4cd-c7a3-4e24-b2c8-5221fcfdde0b
PROJECT HOME PAGE
REFERENCE MATERIALS
- https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/cruise_inventory/reports/jr17005.pdf
- https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/inventories/cruise_inventory/reports/jr18007.pdf
REFERENCE MATERIALS
- https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393750
- https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00396409
- https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(75)90029-7
- https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.010
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.03.003
- https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/18.2.239
- https://doi.org/10.1357/00222400460744636
- https://doi.org/10.2989/025776196784158446
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00535
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.926462
- https://wellcomecollection.org/works/r863d8b8
Constraints
| Access Constraints: | This dataset is under embargo until publication of the associated manuscript. |
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| Use Constraints: | This data is governed by the NERC data policy http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/sites/data/policy/ and supplied under Open Government Licence v.3 http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/. |
Basic Information
| Creation Date: | 2026-07-28 |
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| Dataset Progress: | Complete |
| Dataset Language: | English |
| ISO Topic Categories: |
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| Parameters: |
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| Personnel: | |
| Name | UK PDC |
| Role(s) | Metadata Author |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Kathryn B Cook |
| Role(s) | Investigator, Technical Contact |
| Organisation | National Oceanography Centre |
| Name | Geraint A Tarling |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | British Antarctic Survey |
| Name | Daniel J Mayor |
| Role(s) | Investigator |
| Organisation | National Oceanography Centre |
| Parent Dataset: | N/A |
Additional Information
| Reference: | Cook et al. (In prep) Ecophysiology of Calanus finmarchicus in the Fram Strait during and after the phytoplankton bloom. Ariza, A., Garijo, J. C., Landeira, J. M., Bordes, F., and Hernández-León, S. 2015. Migrant biomass and respiratory carbon flux by zooplankton and micronekton in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands). Progress in Oceanography, 134: 330-342. DOI 10.1016/j.pocean.2015.03.003 Gómez, M., Torres, S., and Hernández-León, S. 1996. Modification of the electron transport system (ETS) method for routine measurements of respiratory rates of zooplankton. South African Journal of Marine Science, 17: 15-20. DOI 10.2989/025776196784158446 Hernández-León, S., and Gómez, M. 1996. Factors affecting the respiration/ETS ratio in marine zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 18: 239-255. DOI 10.1093/plankt/18.2.239 Hernández-León, S., Olivar, M. P., Fernández de Puelles, M. L., Bode, A., Castellón, A., López-Pérez, C., Tuset, V. M., et al. 2019. Zooplankton and micronekton active flux across the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. DOI 10.3389/fmars.2019.00535 Ikeda, T. 1985. Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature. Marine Biology, 85: 1-11. DOI 10.1007/bf00396409 Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J. 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275. DOI 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6 Maldonado, F., Packard, T. T., and Gómez, M. 2012. Understanding tetrazolium reduction and the importance of substrates in measuring respiratory electron transport activity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 434-435: 110-118. DOI 10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.010 Owens, T. G., and King, F. D. 1975. The measurement of respiratory electron-transport-system activity in marine zooplankton. Marine Biology, 30: 27-36. DOI 10.1007/BF00393750 Packard, T. T., and Christensen, J. P. 2004. Respiration and vertical carbon flux in the Gulf of Maine water column. Journal of Marine Research, 62: 93-115. DOI 10.1357/00222400460744636 Packard, T. T., Devol, A. H., and King, F. D. 1975. The effect of temperature on the respiratory electron transport system in marine plankton. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 22: 237-249. DOI 10.1016/0011-7471(75)90029-7 Rutter, W. J. 1967. Protein determination in embryos. In Methods in developmental biology, pp. 671-684. Ed. by F. H. Wilt, and N. K. Wessels. Academic Press, London. Tarling, G. A., Belcher, A., Blackwell, M., Castellani, C., Cook, K. B., Cottier, F. R., Dewar-Fowler, V., et al. 2022. Carbon and lipid contents of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus entering diapause in the Fram Strait and their contribution to the boreal and Arctic lipid pump. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9. 10.3389/fmars.2022.926462 |
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| Quality: | Validation tests were run on the spectrophotometer daily. Samples were diluted and ETS assays re-run if the measured absorbance was > 1 for a majority of the assay. Assays with a slope R^2<0.99 were discarded. Sample dilutions were adjusted and protein measurements re-run if the measured absorbance was below 0.2 or > 1.2. Standard curves with R^2 <0.9 were discarded and re-run. |
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| Lineage/Methodology: | Samples for ETS analysis were collected using Bongo nets (JR17005 & JR18007) or MOCNESS system (JR18007). The Motion Compensation Bongo net mechanism, comprising 2 x 57 cm diameter rings and 200 um net meshes, was hauled between 200 and 0 m in the open ocean or to within 20 m of the seabed in shelf environments. The net was paid out and hauled in at speeds of between 15 and 20 m per minute. The approximate time for a single deployment was around 25 minutes. The net was rinsed between deployments when clogging from phytoplankton was evident. The MOCNESS has a mouth opening area of 1 m2 and contains 9 x 330 µm meshed nets. It was nominally trawled at between 2 and 3 knots. In open ocean regions, the maximum depth of the deployments was 1000 m, with net 1 being open during the downward trajectory and nets 2 to 9 incremented during the upward haul, splitting the water column into 125 m depth intervals. Where the seabed was shallower, the maximum depth was between 50 to 100 m above the bottom, and a smaller number of nets were opened and closed during the upward trajectory so that each depth increment was between 50 and 100 m depth. The net was paid out between 20 and 30 m per minute. Hauling in was between 10 and 25 m per minute. Samples for ETS analysis were collected at all major stations. Net hauls were sorted under dim light using a dissection microscope in the controlled temperature laboratory set at 2 °C. Replicates of 10 C. finmarchicus/C. glacialis were quickly picked into 2mL glass vials and stored frozen at -80 °C until analysis. Samples were not identified to species during this process. Later molecular analysis (Cook et al. in prep) confirmed that the Calanus population was mainly dominated by C. finmarchicus; C. glacialis was found at all stations in May but was the dominant species only at stations NT2, F21 and ST1 (62%, 96%, 95% respectively). C. glacialis was only found at stations IS2, D4 and D8 (4%, 3%, 2% respectively) (Tarling et al., 2022). ETS activity assays followed the method of Owens and King (1975) with modifications from Gómez et al. (1996). In brief, each sample was homogenised in 1mL phosphate buffer using a sonicator for 30-60 seconds, before being centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 0°C. 200 uL of the homogenate supernatant and 600 uL of reaction buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.5) containing substrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (saturating concentrations of 1.7 and 0.25 mM, respectively) were added to a semi-microcuvette. 200 uL 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl monotetrazolium chloride (INT, 4mM) was added to each cuvette to start the reaction. The reaction (formazan production) was measured continuously for 8 minutes at a wavelength of 490 nm in a Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Packard and Christensen, 2004). The temperature of the reaction was controlled at 10 °C. A blank assay without ETS substrates was also performed for each sample to account for the non-enzymatic reduction of INT (Maldonado et al., 2012). Reagent blanks were measured daily. The potential respiration rate at assay temperature of 10 °C (ETS, umol O2 h-1) was calculated using the measured formazan production rate and INT extinction coefficient (measured at 490 nm; 17.9 mM-1 cm-1) following Packard and Christensen (2004) and a conservative respiration to ETS (R:ETS) ratio of 0.5 (Ikeda, 1985; Hernández-León and Gómez, 1996). The respiration rate at in situ temperatures (umol O2 h-1) was calculated using the Arrhenius equation and an activation energy of 62.8 kJ mol-1 (15 kcal mol-1; Packard et al., 1975; Ariza et al., 2015; Hernández-León et al., 2019). Protein concentration was measured on the same homogenates used for ETS analysis using the method of Lowry (1951), with modifications from Rutter (1967). Calibration curves were made using bovine serum albumin. |
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Locality
| Temporal Coverage: | |
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| Start Date | 2018-05-16 |
| End Date | 2018-06-04 |
| Start Date | 2019-08-09 |
| End Date | 2019-08-27 |
| Spatial Coverage: | |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 75.34 |
| Northernmost | 80.28 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | -10.91 |
| Easternmost | 19.5 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | N/A |
| Max Depth | 200m |
| Latitude | |
| Southernmost | 75.34 |
| Northernmost | 79.67 |
| Longitude | |
| Westernmost | -8.11 |
| Easternmost | 13.49 |
| Altitude | |
| Min Altitude | N/A |
| Max Altitude | N/A |
| Depth | |
| Min Depth | 150m |
| Max Depth | 750m |
| Location: | |
| Location | Svalbard |
| Detailed Location | Fram Strait, Greenland Sea |
Instrumentation
| Sensor(s): |
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| Data Collection: | ETS activity and protein biomass were measured using a Cary 60 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer with Cary WinUV for UV-Vis Applications software (version 5.3). |
Storage
| Data Storage: | 1x ,csv file (16KB) Note that ETS and respiration measurements have not been standardised by mass, but are provided in umol/h/sample and uL/h/sample respectively. Protein biomass (g/sample) has been provided to allow for standardisation if needed. |
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